Identify the logical subject and the logical predicate.

1. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher.

2. The Irazú Volcano is 3.482 m high above sea level.

3. Central American integration has disproportionately benefited a small social class.

4. Philosophy sprouted in Greece.

5. Costa Ricans have the bad habit of expecting everything from the government.

6. Costa Rican agriculture needs to diversify.

7. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

Identify quasi-propositions, singular propositions and general propositions.

1. Paris is the most beautiful city in the world.

2. Pay to the order of … the sum of … dollars.

3. Spain discovered and conquered the largest extension of the American continent.

4. Not everything that sparkles is gold.

5. “Something is rotten in the State of Denmark.”

6. I am writing a book.

7. The culprit is either X or Z.

8. “I could not find three just men in the city.”

Take the predicates “… is beautiful”, “… is an animal”, “… is Costa Rican” and transform them into quasi-propositions and into singular propositions.

Distinguish universal propositions from existential propositions.

1. No American cheats the IRS.

2. Something is strong and beautiful at the same time.

3. All judges are fair and benign

4. Some metals are magnetic.

5. All great empires reach their moment of decline.

6. Few people have a calling for pure mathematics.

Taking as universe of discourse what indicated in each case, transform these quantified propositions into singular molecular propositions; use “a”, “b”, “c” as proper names, finishing with dashes if necessary.

1. All college professors are well trained. College professors.

2. Some merchants have excessive profits. Merchants.

3. All American astronauts are brave and well trained. American astronauts.

4. Some political parties worry more over the people’s well-being than over their own. Political parties.

5. No human being is totally evil. Human beings.

Assuming the universe to be reduced to congressmen, say how the corresponding singular propositions should be in order for the proposition in case to be true or false.

1. All belong to the same party.

2. Some are lawyers.

3. None is economist.

4. Some are not farmers.

5. All have been elected by the people.

6. Some fulfill their duties as representatives of the people better than others.

7. g. None can be indicted unless first cleared of parliamentary immunity.

8. h. Some are members of the Foreign Affairs Committee.

   Copyright © 1968-2006 Claudio Gutierrez and Luis G. Coronado